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As you start looking for literature relevant to your research question, use the Search planner to record keywords, alternative keywords and search techniques that relate to your research question.
Download the Search planner (DOC, 74KB) to help plan and document your search
At this stage of the process, you should have a clear and finalised your research question.
If you need help formulating your research question, you can use a research framework like PICO. For guidance, check out our module: Frame your research.
For clarity we will use one scenario for all examples of the search.
You want to know what is the most effective program to increase adolescent physical activity in Australia, or whether other interventions, possibly even a multipronged approach should be implemented. You see interventions as including activity outside school, such as extra-curricular sports, walking to and from school, whole family interventions, as well as in-school programs.
Based on this scenario we have developed our research question.
What are the effective interventions to increase physical activity within the Australian adolescent population?
To start building your search strategy, first identify the key concepts in your research question. These key concepts form the building blocks of systematic searching.
Use the following categories to help you identify your concepts:
Look at the topic below and highlight the words that you think are the key concepts by click on the words. Then check your answer.
This interactive activity shows a research question where the user can click on the words that they consider to be the key concepts.
Read the question below and think about which words are the key concepts.
What interventions increase physical activity in Australian adolescents?
Which words did you identify as the key concepts from the research question provided above? You can check the answers below.
You need synonyms (similar words) to describe your topic in as many ways as possible, so that your search will pick up studies from authors all around the world. Each author often has their own way of describing your topic, using different terms. So look for as many synonyms, alternative spellings (UK/US), related words, scientific names, instruments or measures, acronyms, abbreviations and any other variation you can think of.
Concept 1: |
Concept 2: |
Concept 3: |
---|---|---|
Adolescents adolescence teenagers teens youth young people |
Australian Australia Victoria Queensland Tasmania New South Wales Northern Territory |
Physical activity physically active sport exercise football |
Various search techniques should be applied to your identified keywords when developing and refining a search strategy. These can include truncation, phrase searching, and Boolean operators. Below we use EBSCO platform examples which follow common usage, other platforms may vary slightly.
Search Technique | Explanation | EBSCO Platform Example |
---|---|---|
Boolean Operators |
Boolean operators use capitalised words (such as AND, OR) to produce more relevant results, when searching in a database. Using AND between words finds results containing those words. Using OR between words finds results containing any of those words. |
(Sport OR exercise) AND (teen OR adolescent) |
Alternative keywords (synonyms) |
When searching databases, it’s important to think about synonyms, other words that have the same meaning as your keywords. In this example, alternative words for intervention would be program or strategy. |
program OR strategy OR pilot OR intervention |
Phrase searching
|
Databases typically search for words individually. To search for multiple keywords as a single phrase, apply double quotation marks (" "), at the beginning and end of the keyword phrase. In this example, "physical activity" will find results containing this exact phrase and not find results that contain these words separately. NB. hyphenated words must be phrase searched as hyphens are seen as spaces by databases. For example "well-being". |
Physical activity vs "Physical activity" |
Truncation
|
Keywords can have many different endings. Applying a symbol, such as an asterisk (*), at the end of the root of the word will search for additional words with different endings and spellings. Be careful not to shorten words too much, instead write out all variants of words. e.g. polic* = policies, policy, police, policing |
teen* will find teens, teenage, teenager, teenaged, etc. |
Proximity searching is one of the more advanced search techniques and not all databases provide this function.
Proximity searching uses operators to search for one keyword in close proximity to another keyword.
In this example, the following search in Medline Complete will find every instance where variations of the word physical appears no more than 5 words away from variations of the word activity: (physical N5 activity)
You can also use search lines and proximity (S1 N3 S2)
Proximity in Embase is written in one line with a set of brackets around the whole statement so you can apply ab,ti fields to the whole statement,
eg. ((teen* OR youth* or adolescen*) NEAR/2 (wom?n or female*)):ab,ti
Parentheses can be used to group terms to ensure search techniques and field codes apply to mutliple words.
In this example, the word physical appears no more than 5 words away from variations of the word activity or training: ((physical) N5 (activity OR training))
Wildcards often ? or #, are symbols which replace one character for another character. Or sometimes replace one character for no character. However in practice we have found that these symbols are applied erratically across different database platforms and they recognise some characters and not others, especially a 'space' within a phrase.
In particular researchers wish to use pre#school, to find pre-school, preschool and pre school however the final term pre school has a space, and the wildcard cannot replace itself with a space, a space is not deemed a character atleast in the EBSCO platform.
We recommend thorough testing and reading of the database platform help before relying on the wildcard in your search.
It is important to choose your databases before you begin building your systematic search and record these choices in your protocol if you are undertaking a systematic review. For more information, see the section on Protocols and Guidelines in our Systematic and Systematic-like Review Toolkit.